Makhana (fox nuts) cultivation has become a significant agricultural activity in Bihar and neighboring states. Recently, due to rising market demand and supportive government policies, farmers have started earning better profits. Following the announcement of the Makhana Board by Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman, its prices have surged to ₹1000-1200 per kilogram. However, the labor-intensive harvesting process and lack of mechanization still pose challenges, making some farmers hesitant to expand cultivation.
Makhana is primarily grown in ponds, marshy lands, and lakes, where the water level remains between 1 to 1.5 meters. Its cultivation requires a temperature of 20°C to 35°C, relative humidity of 50-90%, and annual rainfall ranging from 100 to 250 cm.
One of the biggest challenges in makhana farming is its complex and labor-intensive harvesting process. Farmers must wade into the water to collect seeds, a physically exhausting and time-consuming task.
After harvesting, the seeds undergo multiple processes to become the white, edible fox nuts. These include drying, sorting, pre-heating, tempering, and roasting at high temperatures. Due to the lack of mechanization, makhana processing remains one of the most demanding agricultural activities.
The establishment of the Makhana Board aims to create a structured regulatory framework to protect the interests of farmers and consumers. Its primary objectives include ensuring fair pricing, introducing scientific innovations, boosting exports, and encouraging farmers to expand cultivation.
The growing awareness of makhana's health benefits is also driving its demand. Rich in protein, fiber, and antioxidants, makhana is gaining popularity as a nutritious snack in urban and international markets.
In recent years, makhana prices have increased from ₹800-900 per kg to ₹1000-1200 per kg, indicating rising demand and the need for improved production techniques.
Bihar is the leading makhana-producing state in India, with around 38,000 hectares dedicated to its cultivation. Approximately 60,000 farmers are involved in makhana farming, and the state’s productivity ranges between 12-20 quintals per hectare, making it a key economic activity.
However, challenges such as labor shortages, long processing durations, and inadequate infrastructure still persist. Without addressing these issues, achieving full-scale commercialization of makhana farming will be difficult.
Need for Technological Innovation and Investment:
For makhana cultivation to become a profitable and commercially viable agricultural activity, investment in research and mechanization is essential. Through the Makhana Board, the government aims to support farmers with training, research funding, specialized processing centers, and direct market access.
With well-structured policies and technological advancements, makhana farming can become a major economic opportunity for farmers. It has the potential to transform traditional agriculture into a modern, high-income agribusiness.
If the right policies and resources are implemented, makhana production could lead to a major economic revolution for Indian farmers!
